What security measure involves the use of passwords or PINs for access control?

The use of passwords or PINs for access control is an example of authentication. Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user, device, or system before granting access to resources or information. Passwords and PINs serve as credentials that a user must provide to prove they are who they claim to be. This process ensures that only authorized individuals can access sensitive data or systems, thereby enhancing security.

In contrast, authorization refers to the process of determining what an authenticated user is allowed to do. It involves granting specific permissions and access levels based on the user's identity. Encryption is the method of encoding data to prevent unauthorized access, ensuring that even if data is intercepted, it cannot be understood without the proper decryption key. Backup focuses on creating copies of data to prevent loss in case of a failure, error, or disaster. Each of these options serves a distinct purpose in the realm of information security, with authentication specifically addressing the initial phase of user verification.